Sepuluh Besar Proyek Energy termahal di Dunia
#10 - Three Gorges Dam - $28 billion
Location:China
Estimates
vary widely on its cost, but it's thought the Three Gorges Dam is the
most expensive hydroelectric project ever built. The idea to dam the
Yangtze river originated more than 70 years ago, but it wasn't until
1992 that the Chinese government approved the project. The dam generated
controversy, partly because over 1 million people had to be relocated.
Three Gorges has been coming online in stages, and only reached full
power this summer. It can generate 84.7 billion kilowatts a year, enough
to supply China with 10% of its electricity. Some say many of the
projects on this list will carry a heavier environmental toll as more
easily accessible energy is harder to find.
#9 - GLNG - $30 billion
Location:Australia
Companies:Santos, Petronas, Total, Kogas
This
development takes natural gas found in coal seams and ships it 260
miles by pipeline to an island off the northeast city of Gladstone. From
there the gas is liquified by chilling it to -258 Fahrenheit, then
loaded onto tankers for export. Natural gas is used by power companies,
various other industries and by consumers for heating and cooking. It's
one of six Australian natural gas projects on this list, which speaks to
the continent's vast natural resources and its proximity to fast
growing Asian markets. Natural gas' clout in the world's energy mix is
growing quickly. Some of the natural gas projects on this list may
employ hydraulic fracturing -- or fracking for short -- which some fear
may contaminate ground water.
#8 - Kearl - $33 billion
Location:Canada
Companies:Imperial Oil, Exxon Mobil
This
is the largest of the oil sands projects under construction. It will
produce 345,000 barrels of oil a day from an open-pit mining operation
in northern Alberta. The plant shown here will separate the oil from the
sand, resulting in a heavy substance known as bitumen which must then
be refined into crude oil. The mining, seen in the top right corner of
the photo, has already begun. Oil sands require massive amounts of water
and energy to process. The industry says it's no different from what's
needed to produce other heavy oils. A spokesman for Imperial, which is
63% owned by Exxon, said the oil will be sent by pipeline to refineries
in North America.
#7 - Queensland Curtis LNG - $34 billion
Location:Australia
Companies:BG Group
This
is another project to extract natural gas from coal seams in
Northeastern Australia. Here, modules for the liquefaction facility
arrive from a fabrication yard in Thailand. Over 80 modules will arrive
in the next year. The gas should start flowing in 2014, destined for
markets around the Pacific including China, Japan, Singapore and Chile.
#6 - Wheatstone - $35 billion
Location:Australia
Companies:Chevron,
Apache, Tokyo Electic Power Compnay, Kuwait Foreign Petroleum
Exploration Company, Royal Dutch Shell, Kyushu Electric Power Company
Another Australian LNG project -- this time northwestern Australia.
Chevron owns 64% of this project, and it's one of the company's
flagship developments worldwide. One of the main hurdles was finding a
suitable port in this remote part of the country.
#5 - Australia Pacific LNG - $37 billion
Location:Australia
Companies:Origin, ConocoPhillips, Sinopec
The
Australia Pacific project will extract natural gas from coal seams in
the northeastern part of the country. China's Sinopec has agreed to
purchase a portion of the gas for 20 years. Japan's Kansai Electric has
also agreed to purchase some of the gas.
#4 - Bovanenkovskoye - $41 billion
Location:Russia
Companies:Gazprom
This
Arctic field, located on a peninsula jutting out into the Kara Sea, is
estimated to hold 173 trillion cubic feet of gas -- twice what's thought
to be in the United States' Marcellus Shale. Infrastructure is always a
challenge in a remote region. Gazprom had to build a 355-mile railroad
to haul in construction supplies, and an even longer pipeline to get the
gas out. The gas will be fed into Russia's vast pipeline system.
#3 - Ichthys - $43 billion
Location:Australia
Companies:INPEX, Total
Japanese
firm INPEX is the lead operator on this natural gas project, located
off the coast of northwest Australia. This illustration depicts the
action offshore. The natural gas and liquids are brought to the surface
where they are separated at the floating facility seen in the
foreground. The liquids, used in petrochemicals and gasoline, are then
sent to the ship in the background for further processing and then to
market. Meanwhile, the natural gas is sent from the platform via a
550-mile subsea pipeline to an onshore facility where it's turned into
liquid natural gas.
#2 - Gorgon - $57 billion
Location:Australia
Companies:Chevron, Exxon, Shell
Gorgon
is the largest natural gas project in Australian history, and one of
the largest natural gas projects in the world. Chevron is the lead
company. The fields, located 80 to 125 miles off Australia's northwest
coast, are estimated to contain 40 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
The gas will be liquified at a plant on Barrow Island, seen here under
construction. Production is slated to begin in 2014.
#1 - Kashagan - $116 billion
Location:Kazakhstan
Companies:KazMunayGas, Eni, Shell, Exxon, Total, ConocoPhillips, INPEX
Kashagan
is one of the largest oil discoveries of the last 40 years, and one of
the largest industrial operations currently under development worldwide.
The Soviets had been working in the region, but it was the fall of
communism that turned this once-backwater into the world's most
expensive energy project. The field lies in a remote corner of Central
Asia, in the northern part of the Caspian Sea, making logistics a
challenge. The oil will need to be moved out by a series of
interconnecting rail lines, pipelines and ships. Harsh weather is also a
problem. The northern Caspian is frozen for nearly half the year. To
successfully tap oil and gas in the ice-choked region, the companies
involved are constructing a series of artificial islands from
which to work. Here, housing for workers is being built on one of the
islands.
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